Taking a cutting is one of the most rewarding and effective ways of propagating plants. It allows gardeners to create new plants from existing ones, often at no cost, and ensures that the new specimen is a clone of the original. Unlike seeds, which may not always grow true to type, cuttings faithfully replicate the parent plant’s characteristics. Whether you are interested in expanding your collection of houseplants, filling your garden with favourite shrubs or experimenting with new propagation methods, learning how to take a cutting from a plant is a fundamental skill.
Why take cuttings from plants
There are many reasons why gardeners take cuttings. The most obvious is to increase the number of plants without having to purchase more. This is particularly useful for expensive or rare varieties. Taking cuttings also allows you to preserve plants that are special to you, ensuring their legacy continues in your garden. Another advantage is that cuttings grow faster than plants raised from seed, as they already have a head start with developed stems or leaves. Propagation by cuttings is also more predictable, giving you confidence in the eventual appearance of the new plant.
Types of plant cuttings
There are several different types of cuttings, each suited to different kinds of plants. Softwood cuttings are taken from fresh, new growth in spring or early summer. These are tender but root quickly, making them ideal for shrubs such as hydrangeas, fuchsias and lavender. Semi ripe cuttings are taken later in the summer when stems have started to firm up. These strike a balance between vigour and stability, and are often used for evergreen shrubs. Hardwood cuttings are taken in autumn or winter from mature woody stems. These take longer to root but are reliable for many deciduous shrubs and trees. Leaf cuttings, stem cuttings and root cuttings are other variations, each useful for particular plant groups such as succulents or perennials.
When to take cuttings
The timing of cuttings depends on the type of plant and the cutting method. Softwood cuttings are best taken in spring or early summer when growth is fresh and full of energy. Semi ripe cuttings are most successful in midsummer to late summer. Hardwood cuttings are best taken after the plant has become dormant in autumn or early winter. For many indoor plants, cuttings can be taken year round, though success is higher in the growing season. Choosing the right time ensures that cuttings have the best chance of rooting and developing into strong plants.
Selecting the right material for cuttings
Healthy plant material is the foundation of successful cuttings. Always choose stems or leaves that are free from pests, diseases or damage. For stem cuttings, non flowering shoots are usually best, as the plant can focus its energy on rooting rather than supporting flowers. The cutting should be long enough to include at least one or two leaf nodes, since these are the points where roots are most likely to develop. Taking cuttings early in the morning, when plants are well hydrated, further improves success.
Preparing a cutting
Once you have chosen a suitable stem or leaf, use a clean, sharp knife or secateurs to take the cutting. The cut should be made just below a node, as this is where root development is most active. Remove any lower leaves to expose the node and reduce moisture loss. If the remaining leaves are large, cutting them in half reduces the surface area and helps prevent wilting. Some gardeners use rooting hormone powder or gel to encourage faster root development, though many plants will root without it. Rooting hormones are especially helpful for more difficult species or woody cuttings.
Planting cuttings in compost
Cuttings need a growing medium that retains some moisture while allowing good drainage. A mixture of multipurpose compost with added sand or perlite works well. Fill a small pot with the compost mix and make a hole with a pencil or dibber. Insert the cutting so that at least one node is buried beneath the surface. Firm the compost gently around the cutting to provide support. For leaf cuttings, the leaf or section is placed directly on or slightly in the compost depending on the plant type. Water lightly to settle the compost without saturating it.
Providing the right environment
Successful rooting depends on creating the right environment. Cuttings are vulnerable to drying out, so humidity is important. Covering the pot with a clear plastic bag or placing it in a propagator helps retain moisture. The covering should not touch the cutting, as this can encourage rot. Place the pot in a bright position out of direct sunlight, as strong light can scorch delicate leaves. A stable, warm environment encourages rooting. Consistent conditions are more important than extremes of heat or light.
Caring for cuttings while they root
The rooting process can take several weeks, depending on the plant type. During this time, the compost should be kept evenly moist but not waterlogged. Too much water can cause rotting, while too little leads to drying out. Checking the cuttings regularly allows you to spot problems early. Removing any cuttings that show signs of mould or decay protects the rest. A gentle tug on the cutting after a few weeks indicates whether roots are developing. If there is resistance, roots have likely begun to form.
Potting on rooted cuttings
Once cuttings have produced roots, they need to be moved into individual pots to continue their growth. Carefully lift the cutting from the compost, handling it by the leaves or stem rather than the fragile roots. Pot it into fresh compost and water lightly. Keep young plants in a sheltered environment while they strengthen, such as a greenhouse, cold frame or bright indoor spot. Once they are growing strongly, they can be gradually acclimatised to outdoor conditions or moved into larger pots.
Hardwood cuttings in detail
For shrubs and trees, hardwood cuttings are a particularly effective method. These are taken in autumn from mature stems, usually about twenty centimetres long. The lower end of the cutting is planted into the soil outdoors or in a pot of gritty compost. Over the winter, the cutting remains dormant, and roots develop slowly. By the following spring or summer, the cuttings begin to show new growth. Hardwood cuttings require patience but are one of the most reliable ways to propagate woody plants.
Common mistakes in taking cuttings
There are several pitfalls to avoid when taking cuttings. Using poor quality or diseased material reduces the chances of success. Taking cuttings at the wrong time of year often leads to failure. Overwatering or underwatering during the rooting period is another common problem. Neglecting to provide adequate humidity can cause cuttings to dry out, while too much humidity without ventilation may lead to fungal issues. Another mistake is planting cuttings too deeply or leaving too many leaves, which places unnecessary strain on the cutting. With careful attention, most of these issues can be avoided.
Benefits of propagation by cuttings
The benefits of propagating by cuttings go beyond simply saving money. It is an opportunity to learn more about plants and their growth cycles, to preserve favourite varieties and to share plants with others. Watching a small piece of stem or leaf develop into a full plant is immensely satisfying. It also allows you to maintain consistency in your garden, as clones grown from cuttings will produce flowers, foliage and growth habits identical to the parent.
Conclusion
So, how do you take a cutting from a plant? It begins with selecting the right material, preparing it carefully and planting it in a suitable compost mix. By providing the right conditions of humidity, warmth and light, cuttings can root successfully within weeks. Once rooted, they can be grown on into strong, independent plants ready for the garden. With patience, practice and care, propagation by cuttings becomes one of the most useful and enjoyable skills for any gardener. It is a way to expand your collection, preserve favourite varieties and deepen your connection with the natural process of plant growth.
